In the context of 21st-century Nigeria, the role of multicultural education in advancing sustainable development is more vital than ever. This article explored the philosophical underpinnings that guide multicultural education and its potential to contribute to sustainable development. It examined how concepts of equality, justice, pluralism, and social cohesion—derived from philosophical traditions—are essential in shaping an education system that can accommodate the nation’s diverse cultures while promoting inclusive growth and development. A qualitative research method was employed using document analysis and philosophical inquiry to interrogate existing literature, educational policies, and multicultural practices within Nigeria. The findings revealed that embracing multicultural education grounded in philosophical reflection enhances national integration, ethical citizenship, and respect for diversity. The paper concluded that without a strong philosophical base, multicultural education in Nigeria risks becoming fragmented and ineffective in addressing developmental challenges. It recommends the deliberate integration of indigenous and global philosophical values into curriculum reforms, teacher training, and educational policy to create a balanced multicultural education framework that supports peace, equity, and sustainability.