This study examined the influence of safety climate and motivation in enhancing graduate performance in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Plateau State, Nigeria. Anchored on Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation, the study explored how safety as a hygiene factor and motivation as an intrinsic driver jointly affect graduates’ productivity. A correlational research design was employed, with a sample of 342 graduate employees selected from 40 SMEs across the state using Taro Yamane’s sampling formula. Data were collected through a validated and reliable structured questionnaire and analyzed using mean scores and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Findings revealed a moderately positive safety climate, marked by regular safety briefings and supervisor-led enforcement, though limited employee involvement in safety decisions was noted. Motivational practices, while present, often resulted in high-pressure work conditions that risked burnout. A significant positive relationship was found between safety climate, motivation, and graduate performance, confirming that both factors are critical for enhancing employee outcomes. The study concluded that integrating participatory safety strategies with supportive motivational policies can substantially improve graduate productivity in SMEs. Recommendations included fostering inclusive safety decision-making, moderating workload pressures, and adopting holistic approaches that link safety and motivation to optimize graduate performance.